Howdy,
If you've read the rest of my blog, then you'll have noticed that I have another post that addresses cloning of objects using IL (Intermediate Language)
If you haven't, then you can find the post 'Object cloning using IL in C#'.
The reason I published this post is because the code in my previous post (mentioned above) makes a shallow copy of an object. It copies only references of classes, value-types are off course copied by value. So if you have a class with only value types or strings (immutable), then the shallow copy will act as a deep copy (sort of).
Now, imagine that you have (like in most projects) objects that contain other objects, like a person object that has one legal address and different optional addresses. Then you'll probably create a Person class and an Address class,
in the person class you'll make a property which has the type 'Address' and a property that's a list of Addresses.
If you would take a shallow clone, and you change an address in the clone, then it will also be changed in the original person.address object.
So, i've created a solution that clones the 'Person' object in this case, with the addresses, but it makes new instances of each address.
The only constraints however are that the 'to-clone' objects MUST have a default constructor for instantiating the class, if the system can make an instance, then the private fields will automatically be copied.
Like I mentioned in my previous post, you'll only loose performance the first time, because of all the lookups and the generating of the IL-code.
After that, the compiled code will be executed.
I tried to optimize the IL code as much as possible; maybe it can be optimized even more.
For example:
If you would clone the address of a person in normal C# code then you can do:
public Person Clone(Person p)
{
Person clone = new Person();
clone.Address = new Address();
// normally you should check on null,
// but let's assume that it's never null.
clone.Address.ID = p.Address.ID;
return clone;
}
or you can do:
public Person Clone(Person p)
{
Person clone = new Person();
Address a = new Address();
clone.Address = a;
// normally you should check on null,
// but let's assume that it's never null.
a.ID = p.Address.ID;
return clone;
}
The performance of the second option is 'higher'.
You could ask, why?
Well, if you would disassemble these two code samples, then you'll notice that the second code needs fewer instructions.
First sample decompiled:
.locals init (
[0] class Cloning.Person clone)
L_0000: nop
L_0001: newobj instance void Cloning.Person::.ctor()
L_0006: stloc.0
L_0007: ldloc.0
L_0008: newobj instance void Cloning.Address::.ctor()
L_000d: callvirt instance void Cloning.Person::set_Address(class Cloning.Address)
L_0012: nop
L_0013: ldloc.0
L_0014: callvirt instance class Cloning.Address Cloning.Person::get_Address()
L_0019: ldarg.1
L_001a: callvirt instance class Cloning.Address Cloning.Person::get_Address()
L_001f: callvirt instance int32 Cloning.Address::get_AddressID()
L_0024: callvirt instance void Cloning.Address::set_AddressID(int32)
L_0029: nop
L_002a: ldloc.0
L_002b: ret
Second sample decompiled:
.locals init (
[0] class Cloning.Person clone,
[1] class Cloning.Address a)
L_0000: nop
L_0001: newobj instance void Cloning.Person::.ctor()
L_0006: stloc.0
L_0007: newobj instance void Cloning.Address::.ctor()
L_000c: stloc.1
L_000d: ldloc.0
L_000e: ldloc.1
L_000f: callvirt instance void Cloning.Person::set_Address(class Cloning.Address)
L_0014: nop
L_0015: ldloc.1
L_0016: ldarg.1
L_0017: callvirt instance class Cloning.Address Cloning.Person::get_Address()
L_001c: callvirt instance int32 Cloning.Address::get_AddressID()
L_0021: callvirt instance void Cloning.Address::set_AddressID(int32)
L_0026: nop
L_0027: ldloc.0
L_0028: ret
As you see in the code of the first sample, you need 5 callvirt's, and it's more IL code,
in the second sample you have 4 callvirt's and less code, because we have a kind of shortcut to the address object
from the local store [1].
When you create an object, you push it onto the stack and then you store it in a local store (local variable).
If you use a.ID then you need to lookup the ID from the local store reference,
else if you use clone.Address.ID then you need to lookup the Address reference from the person object (also in a store), and then lookup the ID reference from the retrieved Address reference, and then you can do an action with it.
(lookat line L_0013 to L_0024 of first sample and line L_0015 to L_0021 in second sample)
In that manner I tried to optimize all the calls in the IL code, so that I can do the required job in as less instructions as possible.
Here is the result:
Now let's take a look at the code:
Our revisited Person class with an Address class:
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Text;
namespace Cloning
{
public class Person
{
private int _id;
private string _name;
private string _firstName;
private string _field1, _field2, _field3;
public Person()
{
this.Addresses = new List<Address>();
}
public int ID
{
get { return _id; }
set { _id = value; }
}
public string Name
{
get { return _name; }
set { _name = value; }
}
public string FirstName
{
get { return _firstName; }
set { _firstName = value; }
}
private Address _address;
public Address Address
{
get { return _address; }
set { _address = value; }
}
private List<Address> _addresses;
public List<Address> Addresses
{
get { return _addresses; }
set { _addresses = value; }
}
}
public class Address
{
public Address()
{
this.AddressID = -1;
}
public Address(int aid)
{
this.AddressID = aid;
}
private int _addressID;
public int AddressID
{
get { return _addressID; }
set { _addressID = value; }
}
private string _street;
public string Street
{
get { return _street; }
set { _street = value; }
}
private string _city;
public string City
{
get { return _city; }
set { _city = value; }
}
}
}
The Cloning class used for testing:
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Text;
using System.Reflection;
using System.Reflection.Emit;
using System.Threading;
using System.Collections;
namespace Cloning
{
/// <summary>
/// Delegate handler that's used to compile the IL to.
/// (This delegate is standard in .net 3.5)
/// </summary>
/// <typeparam name="T1">Parameter Type</typeparam>
/// <typeparam name="TResult">Return Type</typeparam>
/// <param name="arg1">Argument</param>
/// <returns>Result</returns>
public delegate TResult Func<T1, TResult>(T1 arg1);
public class Cloning
{
/// <summary>
/// This dictionary caches the delegates for each 'to-clone' type.
/// </summary>
private static Dictionary<Type, Delegate> _cachedIL = new Dictionary<Type, Delegate>();
private static Dictionary<Type, Delegate> _cachedILDeep = new Dictionary<Type, Delegate>();
private LocalBuilder _lbfTemp;
/// <summary>
/// Clone one person object with reflection
/// </summary>
/// <param name="p">Person to clone</param>
/// <returns>Cloned person</returns>
public static Person CloneObjectWithReflection(Person p)
{
FieldInfo[] fis = p.GetType().GetFields(System.Reflection.BindingFlags.Instance |
System.Reflection.BindingFlags.Public | System.Reflection.BindingFlags.NonPublic);
Person newPerson = new Person();
foreach (FieldInfo fi in fis)
{
fi.SetValue(newPerson, fi.GetValue(p));
}
return newPerson;
}
/// <summary>
/// Clone a person object by manually typing the copy statements.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="p">Object to clone</param>
/// <returns>Cloned object</returns>
public static Person CloneNormal(Person p)
{
Person newPerson = new Person();
newPerson.ID = p.ID;
newPerson.Name = p.Name;
newPerson.FirstName = p.FirstName;
newPerson.Address = new Address();
newPerson.Address.AddressID = p.Address.AddressID;
newPerson.Address.City = p.Address.City;
newPerson.Address.Street = p.Address.Street;
if(newPerson.Addresses!=null)
{
newPerson.Addresses = new List<Address>();
foreach (Address a in newPerson.Addresses)
{
newPerson.Addresses.Add(a);
}
}
return newPerson;
}
/// <summary>
/// Generic cloning method that clones an object using IL.
/// Only the first call of a certain type will hold back performance.
/// After the first call, the compiled IL is executed.
/// </summary>
/// <typeparam name="T">Type of object to clone</typeparam>
/// <param name="myObject">Object to clone</param>
/// <returns>Cloned object</returns>
public static T CloneObjectWithILShallow<T>(T myObject)
{
Delegate myExec = null;
if (!_cachedIL.TryGetValue(typeof(T), out myExec))
{
// Create ILGenerator (both DM declarations work)
// DynamicMethod dymMethod = new DynamicMethod("DoClone", typeof(T),
// new Type[] { typeof(T) }, true);
DynamicMethod dymMethod = new DynamicMethod("DoClone", typeof(T),
new Type[] { typeof(T) }, Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly().ManifestModule, true);
ConstructorInfo cInfo = myObject.GetType().GetConstructor(new Type[] { });
ILGenerator generator = dymMethod.GetILGenerator();
LocalBuilder lbf = generator.DeclareLocal(typeof(T));
generator.Emit(OpCodes.Newobj, cInfo);
generator.Emit(OpCodes.Stloc_0);
foreach (FieldInfo field in myObject.GetType().GetFields(
System.Reflection.BindingFlags.Instance
| System.Reflection.BindingFlags.NonPublic
| System.Reflection.BindingFlags.Public))
{
generator.Emit(OpCodes.Ldloc_0);
generator.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_0);
generator.Emit(OpCodes.Ldfld, field);
generator.Emit(OpCodes.Stfld, field);
}
generator.Emit(OpCodes.Ldloc_0);
generator.Emit(OpCodes.Ret);
myExec = dymMethod.CreateDelegate(typeof(Func<T, T>));
_cachedIL.Add(typeof(T), myExec);
}
return ((Func<T, T>)myExec)(myObject);
}
public T CloneObjectWithILDeep<T>(T myObject)
{
Delegate myExec = null;
if (!_cachedILDeep.TryGetValue(typeof(T), out myExec))
{
// Create ILGenerator (both DM declarations work)
// DynamicMethod dymMethod = new DynamicMethod("DoClone", typeof(T),
// new Type[] { typeof(T) }, true);
DynamicMethod dymMethod = new DynamicMethod("DoClone", typeof(T),
new Type[] { typeof(T) }, Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly().ManifestModule, true);
ConstructorInfo cInfo = myObject.GetType().GetConstructor(new Type[] { });
ILGenerator generator = dymMethod.GetILGenerator();
LocalBuilder lbf = generator.DeclareLocal(typeof(T));
generator.Emit(OpCodes.Newobj, cInfo);
generator.Emit(OpCodes.Stloc_0);
foreach (FieldInfo field in typeof(T).GetFields(System.Reflection.BindingFlags.Instance | System.Reflection.BindingFlags.NonPublic | System.Reflection.BindingFlags.Public))
{
if (field.FieldType.IsValueType || field.FieldType == typeof(string))
CopyValueType(generator, field);
else if (field.FieldType.IsClass)
CopyReferenceType(generator, field);
}
generator.Emit(OpCodes.Ldloc_0);
generator.Emit(OpCodes.Ret);
myExec = dymMethod.CreateDelegate(typeof(Func<T, T>));
_cachedILDeep.Add(typeof(T), myExec);
}
return ((Func<T, T>)myExec)(myObject);
}
private void CreateNewTempObject(ILGenerator generator, Type type)
{
ConstructorInfo cInfo = type.GetConstructor(new Type[] { });
generator.Emit(OpCodes.Newobj, cInfo);
generator.Emit(OpCodes.Stloc, _lbfTemp);
}
private void CopyValueType(ILGenerator generator, FieldInfo field)
{
generator.Emit(OpCodes.Ldloc_0);
generator.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_0);
generator.Emit(OpCodes.Ldfld, field);
generator.Emit(OpCodes.Stfld, field);
}
private void CopyValueTypeTemp(ILGenerator generator, FieldInfo fieldParent, FieldInfo fieldDetail)
{
generator.Emit(OpCodes.Ldloc_1);
generator.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_0);
generator.Emit(OpCodes.Ldfld, fieldParent);
generator.Emit(OpCodes.Ldfld, fieldDetail);
generator.Emit(OpCodes.Stfld, fieldDetail);
}
private void PlaceNewTempObjInClone(ILGenerator generator, FieldInfo field)
{
// Get object from custom location and store it in right field of location 0
generator.Emit(OpCodes.Ldloc_0);
generator.Emit(OpCodes.Ldloc, _lbfTemp);
generator.Emit(OpCodes.Stfld, field);
}
private void CopyReferenceType(ILGenerator generator, FieldInfo field)
{
// We have a reference type.
_lbfTemp = generator.DeclareLocal(field.FieldType);
if (field.FieldType.GetInterface("IEnumerable") != null)
{
// We have a list type (generic).
if (field.FieldType.IsGenericType)
{
// Get argument of list type
Type argType = field.FieldType.GetGenericArguments()[0];
// Check that it has a constructor that accepts another IEnumerable.
Type genericType = Type.GetType("System.Collections.Generic.IEnumerable`1["
+ argType.FullName + "]");
ConstructorInfo ci = field.FieldType.GetConstructor(new Type[] { genericType });
if (ci != null)
{
// It has! (Like the List<> class)
generator.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_0);
generator.Emit(OpCodes.Ldfld, field);
generator.Emit(OpCodes.Newobj, ci);
generator.Emit(OpCodes.Stloc, _lbfTemp);
PlaceNewTempObjInClone(generator, field);
}
}
}
else
{
CreateNewTempObject(generator, field.FieldType);
PlaceNewTempObjInClone(generator, field);
foreach (FieldInfo fi in field.FieldType.GetFields(System.Reflection.BindingFlags.Instance
| System.Reflection.BindingFlags.NonPublic | System.Reflection.BindingFlags.Public))
{
if (fi.FieldType.IsValueType || fi.FieldType == typeof(string))
CopyValueTypeTemp(generator, field, fi);
else if (fi.FieldType.IsClass)
CopyReferenceType(generator, fi);
}
}
}
}
}
The Program class with the test code in it.
namespace Cloning
{
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
// Do some cloning tests...
Cloning.TestCloning tc = new Cloning.TestCloning();
tc.DoTest();
}
}
}
Explanation: As you see in the code, the model is a little bit expanded.
But if you shuffle a bit with the code, then you can put it in 1 method again,
I only did this to improve readability, so that you can understand what's happening, and how the code is generated.
I also left out the comments from the IL parts, if you want to know what those statements mean, then look at my other post regarding IL cloning (
Object cloning using IL in C#), it's explained there.
Method list of cloning class with a short description:
- Person CloneObjectWithReflection(Person p)
This method clones an object using reflection (very slow).
- Person CloneNormal(Person p)
This method clones the person class manually.
I think a lot of people will do/user this method :)
- T CloneObjectWithILShallow(T myObject)
Make a shallow copy of an object using IL in a generic method.
- T CloneObjectWithILDeep(T myObject)
Make a deep copy of an object using IL in a generic method.
- void CreateNewTempObject(ILGenerator generator, Type type)
Generate IL-code to create a new object of a certain type and store it in a local store. (local variable)
- void CopyValueType(ILGenerator generator, FieldInfo field)
Generate IL-code to copy the values of a value type to the clone.
- void CopyValueTypeTemp(ILGenerator generator, FieldInfo fieldParent, FieldInfo fieldDetail)
Generate IL-code to copy the values of a value type from a store location to the destination address in the clone.
- void PlaceNewTempObjInClone(ILGenerator generator, FieldInfo field)
Generate IL-code to reference an object from a store to an address in the clone.
- void CopyReferenceType(ILGenerator generator, FieldInfo field)
Generate IL-code to copy the values of a reference type (class) to the clone. Instantiate new objects if needed.
I didn't test LINQ support, i guess that an extra 'exception' has to be added for the IQueryable or something like that, and also Arrays should be added, but that's for in version 2.0 or something like that ;), you can see how the system works and expand it to your needs...
I hope that this post and piece of code is useful for some people, if so, please let me know through a comment, thanks ;)
Regards,
F.
